𝐌𝐚𝐥𝐢, 𝐍𝐢𝐠𝐞𝐫, 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐁𝐮𝐫𝐤𝐢𝐧𝐚 𝐅𝐚𝐬𝐨, 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐫 𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐞𝐬 𝐟𝐨𝐫𝐦𝐞𝐝 𝐚 𝐦𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐫𝐲 𝐚𝐥𝐥𝐢𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐒𝐚𝐡𝐞𝐥 𝐚𝐟𝐭𝐞𝐫 𝐬𝐢𝐠𝐧𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐚 𝐬𝐞𝐜𝐮𝐫𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐚𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐫𝐝

Mali, Burkina Faso, and Niger signed on Saturday, September 16, a joint military accord to help each other in the event of an uprising or external aggression. Mali’s interim president, Assimi Goita, signed the Liptako-Gourma Charter to establish collective defense and mutual assistance. Fighting terrorism in Liptako-Gourma will be the alliance’s priority. Mali and Burkina Faso promised a “declaration of war” against Niger if attacked. In 2020, French forces left Mali and Burkina Faso.

Niger’s coup leaders also abrogated military accords that permitted French forces to fight extremists in the Sahel, allowing France a month to withdraw its 1,500 troops. France rejected the ultimatum and called for its envoy to depart, refusing to acknowledge the new leadership.

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